From Grok AI
The Insurrection Act (originally from 1807, with roots in earlier militia laws) has been invoked about 30 times in U.S. history, according to reliable sources like the Brennan Center for Justice and Wikipedia compilations.However, the question asks how many Presidents have invoked it (or its direct predecessor laws in some counts). Reliable, non-partisan analyses (including the Brennan Center's detailed guide and cross-referenced reports) indicate that 15 to 17 Presidents have done so, depending on how certain edge cases are classified:
- 15 Presidents is the most commonly cited figure for formal, legal invocations (per Wikipedia's list and many reports).
- 17 Presidents appears in some fact-checks and analyses (e.g., including precursor laws from the 1790s used by George Washington and John Adams, plus one unauthorized/illegal use by a general under Herbert Hoover that is often treated as an effective invocation).
This represents roughly one-third to just under 40% of all U.S. Presidents (there have been 45 or 46 unique individuals up to the current date in 2026, accounting for non-consecutive terms). Key examples of Presidents who have invoked it include:
- George Washington (Whiskey Rebellion, under early militia authority).
- Thomas Jefferson.
- Andrew Jackson.
- Abraham Lincoln (Civil War era).
- Ulysses S. Grant (most frequent, with 6 invocations against the Ku Klux Klan and related violence).
- Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson (civil rights enforcement, e.g., school desegregation).
- George H.W. Bush (1992 Los Angeles riots, the most recent formal use).
The Act has not been invoked since 1992. Recent threats or considerations (e.g., in 2020 or 2025) did not result in actual invocation.For a full historical list, the Brennan Center's guide or Wikipedia's "List of invocations of the Insurrection Act" provide detailed breakdowns by date, President, and incident.